Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood white or light yellowish white
• Heartwood: Red-brown or dark red brown
• Grain deeply interlocked
• Texture moderately fine to moderately course and even
• Other features: feathery tracery visible on flat-sawn surface. The horizontally arranged perforation plates give rise to a characteristic dot-liked feature in the vessel scratches on flat-sawn surface

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 854 (97)
• at 12% moisture content 957 (109)
• at 18% moisture content 1008 (115)

Classification of timber: HEAVY HARDWOOD

Suitable for heavy construction, heavy duty and parquet flooring, gymnasium equipment, heavy duty furniture, cabinet making, joinery, laboratory benches, tool handles, vehicle bodies, poles, telegraph and power transmission posts and cross arms, bridges, pilling, door and window frames, pallets, posts, beams, joints, rafters, columns, staircase.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood bright yellow
• Heartwood: Yellow-brown to dark yellow-brown darkens to dark red-brown or almost black with age
• Grain almost straight or shallowly interlocked
• Texture moderately fine to moderately coarse and even
• Other features: freshly cut wood with a distinctive odour. Flat-sawn surface sometimes shows feathery tracery

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 854 (46)
• at 12% moisture content 957 (51)
• at 18% moisture content 1008 (54)

Classification of timber: HEAVY HARDWOOD

Suitable for heavy construction, marine and wharf construction, boat building, heavy duty flooring, fence posts, telegraph and power transmission posts and cross arm, columns, beams, shingles.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood creamy to light buff
• Heartwood: Dark brown to dark red-brown or chocolate brown
• Grain interlocked
• Texture coarse but even
• Other features: flat-sawn surface shows feather tracery. Quarter-sawn surface shows stripe or ribbon figure. Concentric layers of included phloem present but can usually be seen only in log form

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 726 (53)
• at 12% moisture content 802 (59)
• at 18% moisture content 845 (63)

Classification of timber: MEDIUM HARDWOOD

Suitable for posts, beams, columns, joists, rafters, parquet and medium to heavy  duty flooring, pilling, tool handles, railway sleepers, telegraph and power transmission posts and cross arms, door and window frame, plywood manufacture.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood pale pink brown
• Heartwood: Pink brown to light red brown or red brown, sometimes dark brown
• Grain shallowly interlocked
• Texture  moderately coarse but even
• Other features:  vessel scratches on longitudinal surfaces show distinctive ladder liked (or dots) feature. This is due to the horizontally arranged perforation plates which are plugged with the deposits. Quarter sawn surface also shows dark brown coloured streaks

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 670 (59)
• at 12% moisture content 750 (66)
• at 18% moisture content 791 (70)

Classification of timber: MEDIUM HARDWOOD

PORES moderately small to medium sized, mostly medium sized; few to moderately few; solitary and in radial pairs and multiples of 3-5 ,a single pore with several smaller one attached forming tail liked appendages also present ,clusters occasionally present; evenly distributed without any definite arrangement. Light pink brown or cream coloured deposits present .Tyloses absent .WOOD PARENCHYMA occurs as narrow borders to the pores and as fine irregularly spaced bands. RAYS are fine, filled with whitish deposits, not prominent on longitudinal surfaces. INTERCELLULAR CANALS absent. RIPPLE MARKS absent.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood not differentiated from heartwood
• Heartwood: Almost white or cream colour, darkens to light yellowish brown
• Grain straight, occasionally spiral
• Texture: moderately fine and even
• Other features:  lens-shaped latex traces may be seen on flat sawn surface (usually can only be seen on log or long piece of plank). Planed surface lustrous. Freshly cut timber with a distinctive odour

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 319 (44)
• at 12% moisture content 358 (49)
• at 18% moisture content 377 (51)

Classification of timber: LIGHT HARDWOOD

PORES moderately small to medium sized; moderately numerous; mostly in radial pairs and multiples of 3-5, sometimes even 8, solitary pores also present, clusters sometimes present; evenly distributed and in radial arrangement. Deposits absent. Tyloses absent. WOOD PARENCHYMA abundant, occurs as diffuse strands or diffuse-in-aggregates forming short lines bridging the rays. RAYS are fine to medium-sized, moderately visible to the naked eye on cross-section. INTERCELLULAR CANALS but latex canals present and may be seen as small dark pin-points on clean cut flat-sawn surface. RIPPLE MARKS absent.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood yellowish brown or light grey-brown
• Heartwood: Light pink-brown, red-brown or reddish brown
• Grain shallowly interlocked, sometimes deeply interlocked
• Texture moderately coarse and even
• Other features: the wood has a distinctive camphor odour when freshly cut and this persist for quite sometimes

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 632 (79)
• at 12% moisture content 708 (88)
• at 18% moisture content 746 (93)

Classification of timber: MEDIUM HARDWOOD

PORES medium sized; almost exclusively solitary with a few radial or oblique pairs; moderately few, except for Dryobalanops rappa, which is moderately numerous; evenly distributed with a tendency to form short oblique lines. Deposits absent. Tyloses are present and abundant. WOOD PARENCYMA occurs as irregularly spaced concentric bands, occasionally in short tangential lines embedding the axial resin canals. Also occurs as incomplete borders to the pores, sometimes aliform or wing-liked and occasionally confluent. RAYS are moderately fine to medium-sized, visible to the naked eye on cross-section. INTERCELLULAR CANALS present as axial resin canals, which are arranged in concentric series, occasionally also in short lines and filled with whitish deposits. RIPPLE MARKS sometimes present.

Characteristics

• Color Sapwood light grey-brown
• Heartwood: pinkish-brown, reddish-brown or purple red-brown or brown
• Grain interlocked to deeply interlocked
• Texture moderately coarse and even
• Other features:  patches of oleo-resin often visible on cross sectional surface. The wood has a distinctive resinous smell when freshly cut

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 635 (57)
• at 12% moisture content 711 (64)
• at 18% moisture content 649 (68)

Classification of timber: MEDIUM HARDWOOD

PORES medium-sized to large; almost exclusively solitary with a few radial, tangential or oblique paris; few to moderately few; evenly distributed with a tendency to arrange in short oblique lines. Deposits absent. Tyloses present. WOOD PARENCYMA occurs as short tangential lines embedding the axial canals, sometimes also present in diffuse strands. Also occurs as incomplete borders to the pores, sometimes aliform or wing-liked. RAYS are of two sizes, fine and medium-sized. Fine rays are abundant and not distinct to the naked eye but the medium-sized rays are distinct and conspicuous on quarter-sawn surface. INTERCELLULAR CANALS present as axial resin canals, which are arranged in diffuse or short tangential series, occasionally in continuous tangential series. RIPPLE MARKS occasionally present.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood cream white to light yellowish white
• Heartwood: Brick red-brown, reddish brown, orange red-brown or dark red-brown
• Grain deeply interlocked
• Texture coarse but even
• Other features: Quarter-sawn surface shows stripe or ribbon figure. Concentric rings of abnormal tissues (included phloem) present but usually can only be seen in log form

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 794 (63)
• at 12% moisture content 889 (71)
• at 18% moisture content 936 (74)

Classification of timber: MEDIUM HARDWOOD

PORES moderately small to medium-sized; moderately few, sometimes moderately numerous; mostly solitary and with radial multiples of 2-5; evenly distributed without any definite arrangement. Deposits absent. Tyloses absent. WOOD PARENCHYMA abundant, mostly associated with the pores, occurs as thin borders to the pores, aliform or eye-liked, aliform confluent and occasionally confluent band. Fine terminal layers occasionally present. RAYS are fine, lighter colour than the ground mass, closely spaced and usually wavy. INTERCELLULAR CANALS absent. RIPPLE MARKS usually present, particularly visible on the sapwood region next to the bark.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood bright yellow
• Heartwood: Light yellow-brown, sometimes with pale greenish or light olive tinge, darkens to light brown
• Grain interlocked and sometimes wavy
• Texture moderately fine to moderately coarse and even
• Other features: Quarter-sawn surface shows faint stripe or ribbon figure

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 498 (75)
• at 12% moisture content 558 (84)
• at 18% moisture content 588 (88)

Classification of timber: LIGHT HARDWOOD

PORES medium-sized; solitary and in radial or oblique pairs, also in radial multiple of 3-4, clusters occasionally present; moderately few to moderately numerous; evenly distributed with a tendency to arrange in short oblique lines. Deposits absent. Tyloses present but sparse. WOOD PARENCHYMA occurs as short tangential lines or in continuous bands embedding the axial resin canals. Also occurs as narrow borders to the pores, tending to aliform or aliform and occasionally locally confluent. RAYS medium-sized, visible to the naked eye. INTERCELLULAR   CANALS present as axial resin canals, which are arranged in short or continuous tangential series. Canals are sometimes larger than the pores. Radial or horizontal canals also present, but hardly discernable with a 10X lens. RIPPLE MARKs absent.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood light pink-brown
• Heartwood:  Light pink-brown to light red-brown or deep red-brown sometimes greyish red-brown
• Grain shallowly interlocked, sometimes wavy
• Texture moderately fine and even
• Other features:  Flat-sawn surface shows faint feathery tracery. Quarter-sawn surface shows distinctive multiple adjoining walls of the vessels. Water-silk figure has been observed in species of Palaquium leiocarpum due to the way grain

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 532 (86)
• at 12% moisture content 596 (69)
• at 18% moisture content 628 (101)

Classification of timber: LIGHT HARDWOOD

PORES moderately small to medium-sized; few to moderately few, occasionally moderately numerous; mostly in radial multiples of 2-6; solitary pores also present; evenly distributed in a radial arrangement. Deposits absent. Tyloses present, sparse to moderately abundant. WOOD PARENCHYMA abundant, occurs as regularly and closely spaced reticulate bands. RAYS are fine to very fine, abundant and closely spaced. INTERCELLULAR MARKS absent.

Characteristics

• Color: Sapwood light grey-brown
• Heartwood: Red-brown to dark red-brown
• Texture moderately coarse and even
• Other features: Quarter-sawn surface shows stripe or ribbon figure. Very pronounced appearance of resin canals visible on longitudinal surfaces

Density (kg/m3)

• Basic 511 (108)
• at 12% moisture content 573 (121)
• at 18% moisture content 603 (127)

Classification of timber: LIGHT HARDWOOD

PORES moderately large; moderately few or few; mostly solitary with radial or oblique pairs and radial multiples of 3-4; evenly distributed with a tendency to align in short, oblique lines. Deposits absent. Tyloses present. WOOD PARENCHYMA occurs as short or continuous bands embedding the axial resin canals. Sometimes diffuse strands are also present forming short, narrow lines between the rays. Also occurs as incomplete, narrow borders to the pores, tending to aliform or wing-liked and sometimes locally confluent. RAYS medium-sized, visible to the naked eye on cross-section. INTERCELLULAR CANALS present as axial resin canals, which are arranged in short or continuous series and filled with whitish deposits. RIPPLE MARKS absent.

Characteristics

• Natural Durability: The timber is reputed to be very durable. Related species have been tested in other countries and found to be very durable under all conditions and even resistant to termite and marine borer attacks (Wong, 1976)
• Strength Properties: The timber falls into Strength Group A (Abdul, 1985)
• Shrinkage: Radial shrinkage averages 2.6%, while tangential shrinkage averages 3.8%
• Texture is rather fine and even, with interlocked, sometimes wavy grain
• Machining Properties: The timber is reported to be difficult to saw but can be finished to a very smooth surface
• Air Drying:  The timber seasons moderately slowly. 40 mm thick boards take approximately 5 months to air dry. Drying defects are not particularly serious and only minor defects such as light end-checking, splitting, etc., have been recorded.

Density (kg/m3)

• The timber is hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 915-1,250 kg/m3 air dry

Suitable for heavy construction, marine and wharf construction, piling, boat building, parquets and heavy duty flooring, fence posts, telegraph and power transmission posts and cross arms, columns, beams, posts, joists, rafters, joinery, cabinet making, heavy duty furniture, benches, pallets, door and window frames, tool handles, staircase.